| Variables | No. | % | Mean + SD | p-value |
| Type of diabetes | ||||
| Type 1 | 57 | 14.3 | −1.95 + 1.57 | |
| Type 2 | 343 | 85.8 | −2.56 + 2.03 | 0.029 |
| Duration of diabetes (years) | ||||
| <10 | 127 | 31.8 | −2.40 + 1.94 | |
| 10 - 20 | 224 | 56.0 | −2.17 + 1.95 | |
| >20 | 49 | 12.3 | −2.72 + 2.20 | 0.640 |
| Diabetes control | ||||
| Excellent (HbA1C < 7%) | 100 | 25.0 | −1.57 + 1.68 | |
| Good (HbA1C = 7% - 8%) | 102 | 25.5 | −2.45 + 1.79 | |
| Fair (HbA1C = 8.1% - 11%) | 184 | 46.0 | −2.88 + 1.98 | |
| Poor (HbA1C > 11%) | 14 | 3.5 | −3.98 + 2.73 | <0.001 |
| Diabetes complications | ||||
| Neuropathy | ||||
| Yes | 113 | 28.3 | −2.83 + 2.05 | |
| No | 287 | 71.7 | −2.34 + 1.94 | 0.030 |
| Retinopathy | ||||
| Yes | 170 | 42.5 | −2.88 + 1.98 | |
| No | 230 | 57.5 | −2.18 + 1.93 | <0.001 |
| Nephropathy | ||||
| Yes | 43 | 10.8 | −2.90 + 1.71 | |
| No | 357 | 89.2 | −2.43 + 2.00 | 0.142 |
| Diabetic foot | ||||
| Yes | 20 | 5.0 | −3.36 + 2.02 | |
| No | 380 | 95.0 | −2.39 + 1.95 | 0.031 |